Glagolica - grammar

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3.  Adjectives
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3.1. Declension

   The adjectives has only one model. Here aren't hard and soft declension. In nominative of neutral and feminime we can use a subsuffixies -o- and -a- for better talking.

bosij = barefooted

 

Masculine

Neuter.

Feminine

Singular

Nom. bos-ij bos-(o)je bos-(a)ja
Gen.

bos-ego

bos-ego bos-oj
Dat.

bos-emu

bos-emu bos-ej
Acc. bos-ego bos-oje bos-uju 
Instr.

bos-ym

bos-ym bos-oj
Loc.

bos-em

bos-em bos-ej

Plural

Nom.

bos-yje

bos-yje

bos-yje
Gen.

bos-ich

bos-ich bos-ich
Dat.

bos-ym

bos-ym bos-ym
Acc.

bos-yje

bos-yje

bos-yje
Instr.

bos-ymi

bos-ymi bos-ymi
Loc.

bos-ych

bos-ych bos-ych

 

3.2.  comparsion

We have three degrees of comparison:
- positive - velikij, ( grand, big),
- comparative -velikejšij,  (plus grand, bigger),
- superlative - najvelikejšij,  (le plus grand,  the biggest),

The comparative degree formed with a stem + suffix -ejš- .
The superlative degree represented just like a comparative, but with prefix naj- .

velikij (large) - velikejšij (larger, masc.) - najvelikejšij (the largest, masc.)
malij (small) - malejšij (smaller, masc.) - najmalejšij (the smallest, masc.)
dobrij (good, nice) - dobrejšij (better, masc.) - najdobrejšij (the best, masc.)

Declension of comparative and superlative is the same as positive, see table bellow.

 

Masculine

Neuter.

Feminine

Singular

Nom. (naj)bos-ejš-ij (naj)bos-ejš-(o)je (naj)bos-ejš-(a)ja
Gen.

(naj)bos-ejš-ego

(naj)bos-ejš-ego (naj)bos-ejš-oj
Dat.

(naj)bos-ejš-emu

(naj)bos-ejš-emu (naj)bos-ejš-ej
Acc. (naj)bos-ejš-ego (naj)bos-ejš-oje (naj)bos-ejš-uju 
Instr.

(naj)bos-ejš-ym

(naj)bos-ejš-ym (naj)bos-ejš-oj
Loc.

(naj)bos-ejš-em

(naj)bos-ejš-em (naj)bos-ejš-ej

Plural

Nom.

(naj)bos-ejš-ji

(naj)bos-ejš-je

(naj)bos-ejš-je
Gen.

(naj)bos-ejš-ich

(naj)bos-ejš-ich (naj)bos-ejš-ich
Dat.

(naj)bos-ejš-ym

(naj)bos-ejš-ym (naj)bos-ejš-ym
Acc.

(naj)bos-ejš-yje

(naj)bos-ejš-yje

(naj)bos-ejš-yje
Instr.

(naj)bos-ejš-ymi

(naj)bos-ejš-ymi (naj)bos-ejš-ymi
Loc.

(naj)bos-ejš-ych

(naj)bos-ejš-ych (naj)bos-ejš-ych
  Example: plnij (full) - plnejšij, plnejšje, plnejšja (more full) - najplnejšij, najplnejšje, najplnejšja, (the fullest)

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4. Pronouns

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4.1. Demonstrative and passesive pronouns

   They has a common declension. All are declined such as ten. The pronoun that is in Glagolica tamo ten. Here is declined only second part the ten. The tamo has the same form in all cases and genders: tamo ten, tamo to, tamo ta, tamo tego, tamo togo, tamo toj ... etc.


Demonstrative and passesive pronouns
 

ten (this)

Pronouns which are declined as ten:

moj
tvoj
naš
vaš
svoj
ten
tamo ten

my
your, 2nd person sg.
our
your, 2nd person pl.
self's
this
that
Examples:
tvojego - tvoj masc dat sg
svojemi - svoj fem instr pl
tamo toj - tamo ten fem loc sg

masc.

neut.

fem.

Nom. sg. ten to ta
Gen.

tego

togo toj
Dat.

temu

tomu toj
Acc.

tego

to tu
Instr.

tem

tom toj 
Loc.

tem

tom toj
Nom. pl. ti ta ty
Gen.

tech

tech tech
Dat.

tem

tem tem
Acc. ty ta ty
Instr.

temi

temi temi
Loc.

tech

tech tech

 

4.2. Interrogative pronouns

They are declined such as adjectives.
čij
(whose?)
ktorij (which? what?)

Examples:
Čja kniga to jest ?
F.sg.nom. Čij brat to jest ? M.sg.nom. Čego brata videš ? M.sg.acc.
Ktorja kniga to jest ? F.sg.nom. Ktorij brat to jest ? M.sg.nom. Ktorego brata videš ? M.sg.acc.

4.3. Personal pronouns

  Singular person Plural person -self *

1st

2nd

3rd (mnf)

1st

2nd 3rd (mnf)
Nom. ja ty on, ono, ona my vy oni, ona, ony
Gen. mene tebe něgo, ňogo, ňoj nás vás něch sěbe
Dat. mi ti němu, ňomu, ňej nám vám něm si
Acc. něgo, ňo, ňu nás vás ony, ona, ony
Instr. mnoj toboj nim, ňim, ňoj námi vámi němi sěboj
Loc. mně tebě něm, ňom, ňoj nás vás něch sěbě
 

* It isn't in English so large as in slavs languages. It is for example in Czech: učit se or in Russian: učiťsja. Simply we can say that the turns doing to the speaker. Declension is same as decl. of the ja and ty.

Examples: (I am not sure, if my translations to the EN are correct.)
Videš sě ?
Do you see yourself ?
Bereš si knigu. You are taking a book yourself.
Beret si knigu. He (She, It) is taking a book oneself.

4.4. Anaphoric pronouns

They aren't declined. The singular is depend on the owner gender. The plural is the same for all genders.

singular:
jego his
jogo its
jej her
plural:
jejich their

Examples:

To jest jego kniga.   If the owner of the book is a male.
To jest jogo kniga.   If the owner of the book is a child.
To jest jej kniga.   If the owner of the book is a female.
To jest jejich kniga.   If the the book has more then one owner.

Videš jego brata ? Do you see his brother ?
Videš jogo brata ? Do you see its brother ?
Videš jej brata ? Do you see her brother ?
Videš jejich brata ? Do you see their brother ?

 

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5. Numeral
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1        jeden (masc.), jedna (fem.), jedno (neut.)
2        dva (masc.), dvě (fem.,  neut.)
3        tri
4        četyri
5        pět
6        šest
7        sedm
8        osm
9        devět
10      desat
100    sto
1000    tisíc    .
1 000 000    milion    .
11      jedinadsat
12      dvanadsat
13      trinadsat
14      četyrinadsat
15      pětnadsat
16      šestnadsat
17      sedmnadsat
18      osmnadsat
19      devětnadsat

20      dvadesat
30      tridesat
40      četyridesat
50      pětdesat
60      šestdesat
70      sedmdesat
80      osmdesat
90      devětdesat
Examples:
1998 jedin tisíc devět sto devětdesat osm
1848 jedin tisíc osm sto četyredesat osm
12 345 678  dvanadsat milion tristo četyridesat pět tisíc šest sto sedmdesat osm

5.1. numerals declension

   The numerals five and more has only two forms. The basic form (pět, šest, sedm) in nominativ and accusative and wtih -i suffix (pěti, šesti, sedmi ...)  in other cases.

   Jeden is declined as is in the table bellow. Maybe you are intersting why there are the plural forms, because you though that with something is one, that we can't use it int the plural. Yes, that's right. But don't forget, that we use a numeral jeden in these sentences where we won't to be concrete. Znaju jednego slugu. Srobil to s jednemi slugami.

   Dva has only plural form (in reality it is a dual) and here are a differences between masculines, feminines and neutral. Tri and četyri are declined too. But they has only one form for all genders. The declension of dva, tri, četyri is in the table bellew.

Examples:
Vidím tvoji jednu duši. Vidim tvoju jednu dušju. I see your one soul.
Dám to dvěma otrokům. Dam to dvom rabom. I will give it to the two slaves.
Přines tři oknai. Prines tri okna. Let's bring three winows.

 

jeden

masc.

neut.

fem.

Nom. sg. jeden (ten) jedno (to) jedna (ta)
Gen.

jednego (tego)

jednogo (togo) jednoj (toj)
Dat.

jednemu (temu)

jednomu (tomu) jednoj (toj)
Acc.

jednego (tego)

jedno (to) jednu (tu)
Instr.

jednem (tem)

jednom (tom) jednoj (toj)
Loc.

jednem (tem)

jednom (tom) jednoj (toj)
Nom. pl. jedni (ti) jedna (ta) jedny (ty)
Gen.

jednech (tech)

jednech (tech) jednech (tech)
Dat.

jednem (tem)

jednem (tem) jednem (tem)
Acc. jedny (ty) jedna (ta) jedny (ty)
Instr.

jednemi (temi)

jednemi (temi) jednemi (temi)
Loc.

jednech (tech)

jednech (tech) jednech (tech)

 

 

dva

tri četyri

masc.

neut.

fem.

m, n, f m, n, f
Nom. sg. dva (ta) dvě (tě) dvě (tě) tri četyri
Gen. dvoch (toch) dvoma (toma) dvěma (těma) troch četyroch
Dat. dvom (tom) dvom (tom) dvěm (těm) trom četyrom
Acc. dva (ta) dvě (tě) dvě (tě) troch četyroch
Instr. dvěma (těma) dvoma (toma) dvěma (těma) tromi četyromi
Loc. dvoch (toch) dvoch (toch) dvoch (toch) troch četyroch
Vocative dva (ta) dvě (tě) dvě (tě) tri četyri
For experts only: in parenthases are dual forms of ten (this)

5.2. Ordinal numerals

They are declined as adjectives. Ad the -a- and -o- in feminime and neutral nominative.

1        prvij (masc.), prvaja (fem.), prvoje (neut.)
2        drugij (masc.), drugaja, drugoje (fem.,  neut.)
3        tretij (masc.), tretaja, tretoje (fem., neut.)
4        čtvrtij, čtvrtaja, čtvrtoje

5        pětij, pětaja, pětoje
6        šestij
7        sedmij
8        osmij
9        devětij
10      desatij
100    stij
1000    tisícij    .
1 000 000    milionij    .


5.3. quantitative numerals

with -ije suffix for 5 and more and for 2-4 as follows

dvoje
troje
četyrije

pětije
šestije
sedmije
osmije
devětije
desatije
stije
tisícije    .
milionije    .

TOC * Introduction * 1. Special chars * 2. Nouns * 3. Adjectives * 4. Pronouns * 5. Numeral
6. Verbs * 7. Participles * 8. Verbal Nouns * 9. Prepositions and Particles * Vocabulary * APPENDIXIES


Slavoboj Richard Ruibar, Matica Slovanská, 1.3.2002
slavoboj@matica.org, www.matica.org
Slávu Slávom !