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6. Verbs
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Vocabulary:
present, infinitive, english

Irregular verbs:
jesm, byti, be
dam, dati, take
jem, jesti, eat
věm, věditi, know
imam, imati, have

Regular verbs:
nesu, nesti, carry
beru, berti, take
vzemu, vzeti, take
vězu, vezti, transport
běžu, bežti, run    .
kriknu, kriknuti, shout
dvignu, dvignuti, move
znaju, znati, know
pisju, pisati, write
budju, buditi, wake
hvalju, hvaliti, praise
ljubju, ljubiti, love
vidju, viděti, see

6.1. Conjugating

   Infinitive ends with -ti already. From present tense we create a present stem by removing a last letter. For example: ljubj is a present stem of the ljubju. By the same way we can create a past tense from infinitive by removing -ti.
   From present stems we can create a present, past and future tense by adding endings. Endings are two. One for hard model and one for soft model, such as in the tables bellow.
   Here aren't exact rules which define a model of the verb. Or which define how to create a present stem from infinitive or inf.  from present. So these all is defined in dictionary. There we write verbs by this form: infinitive, 1st psn sg, 2nd psn. sg. For example: viděti, vidju, vidjiš or běžti, běžu, běžiš and it mens that 1st person singular present is vidju , 2nd person singular present is vidjiš and the infinitive is viděti. From these information you know, that the present stem is vidj (vidju without u) and the verb is conjugated by soft model (in the 2nd person is iš not eš).
   From regular verbs we create tenses strictly by suffixies, no any chnages in stems. (Such they are for example in Czech, where past for beru is bral).
   We have an imperfective and perfective aspects, too. See chapter 6.6. which is about it.

6.2. Irregular verbs

   Such as in other languages, in the Glagolica are irregular verbs, too. But fortunately, here are only 6 irregular verbs.

6.3. Tenses

   The creating of the future tense is different for imperfective and perfective verbs. See the chapter 6.6. for more information about perfective aspect and its future.

Present
verb in present form
Ja znaju. Ty pisješ.

Past
to be in present form + past form of a verb.
Ja jesm znajal. Ty jesi pisjal.

Future
(of imperfective verbs, see 6.6.)
to be in future form + future form of a verb.
Ja budu znajat. Ty budeš pisjat.

Examples: Ja beru okno. (I am taking window). Ty bereš okno (You are taking window). Ja beral okno (I took window). Ty budeš berat okno (You will take window). On ljubjal ju. (He loved her).

For better understanding of all verb tenses in Common Slavic you can compare the following reconstructed sentences:

1) (Ja) Dnes vezu med. - Today I'm carrying honey.
2) (Ja) Budu privezat ti medu. - I will bring honey to you.
3) (Ty) Privezal jesi mi dobrego medu - You brought good honey for me
4) Ja jesm vězal tego medu dlugo. - I was carrying this honey for a long time
5) Privezal jesi nam medu ? - Have you brought honey for us two?
6) Med ktoryj ja jesm privezl, ja jesm dal vam. - The honey I had brought I gave to you.

   The word order in the Glagolica isn't so important as in English. You can order words in sentences, such in your native language. For example the 4th sentence we can say as:  Ja jesm tego medu dlugo vězal, Dlugo jesm tego medu vězal, Medu tego jesm dlugo vězal etc :-).

6.4. Imperative mood
With the present tense stem and inflections such as in the table bellow. The differencies are between verbs which stem ends on consonant or wovel. The "wovel" verbs has a sufixies -j-.

Ať on piset. Ať oni pisut.

6.5. Pasivum

   Pasivum is, when an agent of an action isn't known. Je viden (He is seen.)

The infinitive stem plus the suffix:
-n, if stems ends with wovel -a / -e,
-en, if stem ends by consonant except -r,
-en, if stem ends by wovel -i (which is removed)
-t, if stem ends by wovel -u.
-an, if stem ends by consonant -r.

Examples:

slati (to send) - slan (a sent one)
delati - delan
videti - viden, see
ubijati - ubijan (a killing)
znati - znan, know
pisati - pisan, write

nesti - nesen, carry
vezti - vezen transport
bezti - bezen, run    .
buditi - buden, wake
hvaliti - hvalen, praise
ljubiti - ljuben, love

kriknuti - kriknut , shout
dvignuti - dvignut, move
gltnuti (to swallow) - gltnut (a swallowen one)
kryti (to cover) - kryt (a covered one)
byti (to be) - byt (a one which was)

berti - beran , take

    Pasivum described above is mainly used. It is passive voice in past. We have a passive voice in a present, too. But it is used only seldom. In order to build passive present take the present tense stem and then add the thematic vowel if necessary (usually it is -o-), and the suffix is -m- followed by case endings:

Examples:
vedu - vedom (known, masc. nom. sg.), vedoma (known, fem. nom. sg.), vedomo (known, neut. nom. sg.)
znaju - znam (known, masc. nom. sg.), znama (known, fem. nom. sg.)
ljublju - ljubim (loved, masc. nom. sg.), ljubima (loved, fem. nom. sg.)

Passive verbs are declined such as demonstrative pronoun ten.

6.6. Aspects

   We have two aspects in Slavic languages: imperfective and perfective. Glagolica must has them too.

   When an action has a start and an end, there it is perfective aspect. In other case it is imperfective. Vězu is imperfective, because I don't say when I started this action, nor when I will end it. But privězu is a perfective, because it is one time action which will start in a future.
    Very often it is, that verbs without prefixiess and sufixiess are imperfective. And on the other hand, these which have preffix or suffix are perfective.

     Perfective verbs has not a present tense. Their present forms has meaning of future. That's why the future tense of perfective verbs is created without to be.

Future tense of the perspective verbs
use verbs in present form
Ja dvignu knigu. Ja pošlu med.

   In the vocabulary are the perfective verbs signed by "F:" in the column where are usualy present forms of a 1st and 2nd person. Remember this sign as F = future.

Some examples of the perfectives verbs: privězu, dvignu, pošlu, priněsu, prišiju, kriknu.

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7. Participles
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7.1. present tense
To form it, pick the present tense stem of the verb and add the suffixies such they are in the table bellow. There is differences between verbs which stem ends on consonant (vidu) and verbs which stem ends by wovel (znaju).

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8. Verbal Nouns & Adjectives
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8.1. Nouns as Infinitive

We can use an infinitive as a verbal noun.
Piti ne jest dobro. - To drink is not good
Bez pogledati - Run there and see!

8.2. Nouns from Pasivum

   Only ad the suffix -je after pasivum, and you get a verbal noun.

Note: About pasivum creation is the chapter 6.5.

8.3. Adjectives from Pasivum

   By suffix -ij.

Examples:

sěti (to sow) - sěn - sěnje (sowing) - sěnij
slati (to send) - slan - slanje (sending) - slanij (sent)
dělati - dělan - dělanje (dooing) - dělanij ()
viděti - viděn - viděnjě, (looking)
ubijati - ubijan - ubijanje (a killing)
znati - znan - znanje, know
pisati - pisan - pisanje, write

nesti - nesen - nesenje, (carring)
vězti - vězen - vězenje (transporting)
běžati - běžan - běžanje, (running)
buditi - buden - budenje, (waking)
hvaliti - hvalen - hvalenje, (praising)
ljubiti - ljuben - ljubenje, (loving)

kriknuti - kriknut - kriknutje , (shouting)
dvignuti - dvignut - dvignutje, (moving)
gltnuti (to swallow) - gltnut - gltnutje (swallowening)
kryti (to cover) - kryt - krytje (covereding)
byti (to be) - byt - bytje (being)

běrti - běran - běranje , take

vedom - vedomje (consciousness)
znam - znamje (people which I know)
ljubim - ljubimje (people whiche loves)

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9. Prepositions and Particles
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All of them could be verbal prefixes as well.

v - into, in, inside it is used with accusative (direction) or with locative (location) case.
k - to, towards. Used with dative.
s - with, accompanied by. Requires the instrumental case.
iz - from, out of. It has the ablative meaning, and requires genitive.
na - on (up). The book is on the table.
o - about. Uses the accusative.
bez - without, used with the genitive only.

Particles and conjugations:

i, a - and
ale - but
ne - not

Here is just everything. If you find some mistakes, misunderstood something, or have additional questions or another view of some problems described here, please fell free to write to my e-mail.

Slavoboj Richard Ruibar
slavoboj@matica.org